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Languages of a geographic region

Languages of Zimbabwe
Official Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, Sign Language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa
Master Shona (~twoscore%), Ndebele (~35%), English (L1 <15%, L2 ~89%)[ane]
Signed Zimbabwean sign languages, American Sign Language
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Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in Zimbabwe. Since the adoption of its 2013 Constitution, Republic of zimbabwe has 16 official languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa. The country'southward main languages are Shona, spoken by over lxx% of the population, and Ndebele, spoken past roughly 20%. English is the state's lingua franca, used in regime and business and every bit the main medium of instruction in schools. English is the offset linguistic communication of most white Zimbabweans, and is the second language of a majority of black Zimbabweans. Historically, a minority of white Zimbabweans spoke Afrikaans, Greek, Italian, Polish, and Portuguese, among other languages, while Gujarati and Hindi could exist establish amidst the country'due south Indian population. Deafened Zimbabweans ordinarily employ one of several varieties of Zimbabwean Sign Linguistic communication, with some using American Sign Language. Zimbabwean language data is based on estimates, as Republic of zimbabwe has never conducted a census that enumerated people by language.

Official language status [edit]

Since the adoption of the 2013 Constitution, Republic of zimbabwe has 16 official languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa.[ii] [3] [four] Zimbabwe holds the Guinness Globe Record for the country with the largest number of official languages.[2]

Prior to independence in 1980, English had been the official language of Republic of zimbabwe's antecedents since the arrival of white rule in the region. During the Company-rule catamenia in the belatedly 19th and early 20th centuries, English was established equally Rhodesia'south official linguistic communication past the British South Africa Visitor.[5] In a 1918 letter of the alphabet written in response to an Afrikaner settler who complained most the Rhodesian policy of non allowing the teaching of Afrikaans in schools, the secretary to the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia wrote that "the official linguistic communication of Southern Rhodesia has ever since the occupation of the country been English and ... no provision exists in the legislation of the territory for the recognition of a 2d official language."[five]

English remained the official language when Southern Rhodesia was established as a self-governing Crown colony in 1923. During the UDI menstruation from 1965 to 1979, English was retained equally the official language of the unrecognised state of Rhodesia.[6] Rhodesia's successor, the short-lived unrecognized land of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, designated English language the "just official language" of the land.[7] Zimbabwe Rhodesia was succeeded by Zimbabwe in 1980. Republic of zimbabwe'southward original constitution, drafted in 1979 at the Lancaster House Agreement, did non name any official languages.[3] By the time the new 2013 constitution was beingness drafted, English, Shona, and Ndebele had become the country'due south official languages.[iv] The Constitution requires that Zimbabwe every bit promote each of its official languages, including in schools and in government.[2]

Main languages [edit]

English [edit]

Shona [edit]

Shona is a Bantu language spoken by roughly 87% of Zimbabweans and is one of Zimbabwe'due south official languages.[2] [3] [iv] It is the traditional linguistic communication of Zimbabwe'southward Shona people, who live in Zimbabwe's central and eastern provinces. Shona has a number of dialects, including Karanga, Korekore, Manyika, Ndau, and Zezuru. Standard Shona is derived from the Central Shona dialects, especially Karanga and Zezuru.[eight] According to Ethnologue, Shona is spoken by roughly nine.8 million people, making it the most widely spoken Bantu language of Zimbabwe.[8] The Manyika and Ndau dialects[9] are listed separately by Ethnologue[10] and are spoken by around ane million[11] and two.4 million people,[12] respectively. When Manyika and Ndau are added to the total, Shona is spoken by over xiv million people. There are over eighty,000 Shona speakers in Botswana. They are found mainly in the villages of Mmandunyane,Tonota, Francistown, Selibe Phikwe, Gaborone, and other towns and villages in Botswana although Shona is non an official language in Botswana.

Ndebele [edit]

The Northern Ndebele language, known in Republic of zimbabwe as just Ndebele, is an Nguni Bantu language spoken by the Northern Ndebele people of Republic of zimbabwe'southward Matabeleland region.[13] The Ndebele linguistic communication is closely related to the Zulu language of Due south Africa, and developed in Zimbabwe in the 19th century when Zulus migrated to what is now Zimbabwe from the Zulu Kingdom in 1839. Today, Ndebele is spoken by roughly about thirteen% of the population and is one of Zimbabwe's official languages.[2] [3] [4]

There is a small number of Ndebele speakers in the northeastern part of Botswana adjoining Republic of zimbabwe. Ndebele, however, is not an official linguistic communication in Botswana.

Minor languages [edit]

Chewa [edit]

Chewa is a Bantu language spoken in northeastern Zimbabwe. According to some estimates, it is the third-nigh widely spoken indigenous language in the state, after Shona and Ndebele."[14] [ self-published source? ] Chewa is one of Zimbabwe's official languages.[2] [3] [4]

Chibarwe [edit]

Chibarwe, also known as Sena, is a Bantu language, mainly found in Malawi and Mozambique, with a pocket-size number of speakers in Zimbabwe. Chibarwe is ane of Zimbabwe's official languages.[2] [3] [4]

Kalanga [edit]

Kalanga is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people of northwestern Zimbabwe. Information technology is spoken by over 300,000 people, and is one of Republic of zimbabwe'southward official languages.[2] [iii] [4]

Kalanga is spoken by over 300,000 people in Botswana. The language is however non an official one. Kalanga is predominantly in the North Eastern part of Botswana.

Koisan [edit]

Koisan, ameliorate known outside Zimbabwe as Tshwa, is a Khoe language that is ane of Zimbabwe's official languages.[ii] [iii] [iv]

Kunda [edit]

Kunda is a Bantu linguistic communication spoken in eastern Zimbabwe, in the Mashonaland Central and Mashonaland Westward provinces.[15] It was spoken by 145,000 people in Republic of zimbabwe in 2000.[xv]

Lozi [edit]

Lozi, a Bantu language spoken primarily in southwestern Zambia, is spoken by roughly 70,000 Zimbabweans.[2] In that location are over thirty,000 Lozi/Rotsi speakers in Botswana. They are institute mainly in Chobe district which comprises Kazungula, Kasane and surrounding small-scale settlements bordering Zimbabwe, Namibia and Zambia. Lozi is, however, non an official language in Botswana.

Manyika [edit]

Manyika is in practise a dialect of shona and is considered by all Zimbabweans to be Shona, though it is officially listed as a separate linguistic communication for unknown reasons. [ii] Information technology is spoken past the Manyika tribe of Republic of zimbabwe's easternmost province, Manicaland, also every bit in Mashonaland Due east Province.[16] In 2000, it had an estimated 861,000 speakers in Zimbabwe.[16]

Nambya [edit]

Nambya is a Bantu language spoken by the Nambya people of northwestern Zimbabwe, particularly in the town of Hwange.[17] [18] It is closely related to the Kalanga language.[xix] It is spoken by about 100,000 people, and is i of Zimbabwe'due south official languages.[ii] [3] [four]

Ndau [edit]

Ndau is a Bantu linguistic communication, often considered a dialect of Shona, that is spoken by around 2.4 million people in southeastern Republic of zimbabwe and key Mozambique. It is one of Zimbabwe'south official languages.[2] [3] [4] Ndau is spoken in the southern of Republic of zimbabwe

Nsenga [edit]

Tsonga-Shangani [edit]

Shangani, more ordinarily known as Tsonga, is a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Zimbabwe, every bit well as in Eswatini, Mozambique, and South Africa. It is ane of Zimbabwe's official languages.[ii] [3] [four]

Sotho [edit]

Sotho, besides known as Sesotho, is a Bantu linguistic communication primarily spoken in South Africa and Lesotho, with a small number of speakers in Zimbabwe. It is one of Republic of zimbabwe's official languages. There is a small number of BaSotho in Botswana at a hamlet called Tlhareseleele, nonetheless it is not an official language in Botswana[ii] [3] [4]

Tjwao [edit]

Tonga [edit]

Tonga, also known equally Zambezi, is a Bantu language spoken by 1.5 million people in southern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe. It is primarily spoken by the Tonga people and is a 2nd language for some Zimbabweans. Tonga is one of Zimbabwe's official languages.[ii] [iii] [4]

Tswa [edit]

Tswa [edit]

Tswa is a linguistic communication spoken in Southern Zimbabwe and in Botswana.

Tswana [edit]

Tswana is a Bantu linguistic communication that is one of Zimbabwe'south official languages.[2] [3] [4]

Venda [edit]

Venda is a Bantu language that is one of Republic of zimbabwe's official languages. It is spoke in the northern part of Due south Africa around Mesina whereas in Zimbabwe, it's mutual in the southern area of the Limpopo river.[2] [3] [4]

Xhosa [edit]

Xhosa is an Nguni Bantu language, most normally found in South Africa, spoken past around 200,000 Zimbabweans, a petty over 1% of the population.[20] Xhosa is one of Zimbabwe'southward official languages.[two] [3] [4] "Ishe Komborera Africa", the onetime Zimbabwean national anthem, was based on a Xhosa hymn. A pocket-size population of Xhosa is establish in Botswana at a village called Bikwe and at Xhosa ward in Mahalapye village. Xhosa is not an official language in Republic of botswana.

Immigrant languages [edit]

Afrikaans [edit]

Afrikaans is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans, the number of whom has declined significantly since 1980.[21] [22] [23] Afrikaans speakers in Republic of zimbabwe are typically Afrikaner immigrants from S Africa or their descendants. Afrikaners first arrived in what would become Southern Rhodesia in the early on 1890s, recruited to be among the commencement pioneers by Cecil Rhodes, who sought to bring their agricultural expertise for the new region.[24] [25] They spread throughout the country, taking up farming and cattle ranching.[24] [25] Afrikaners settled in rural areas outside towns and cities, so they could sell their agricultural products.[25] Bulawayo, Enkeldoorn, Umtali, Salisbury, and particularly, Melsetter, became Afrikaner population centers.[25]

Afrikaner children, peculiarly in rural areas, were initially educated in Afrikaans.[25] However, following the Second Boer War, British colonial authorities increasingly demanded that Afrikaner schools teach in English language.[25] Despite Afrikaner complaints, the British South Africa Company, which governed the territory until 1923, would non budge.[5] [25] In a alphabetic character written in response to protesting Afrikaners, the secretary to the administrator of Southern Rhodesia wrote: "... the laws of the state brand no provision for Dutch teaching, and even recently the Administrator has publicly stated that there is no prospect of modify in the said laws."[25] Fifty. Grand. Foggin, the colonial director of education, warned in an official study: "I am convinced that if the concession of mother-tongue instruction were allowed in the schools of Rhodesia, it would issue at one time in Dutch districts in the education to the children of characteristic anti-British and anti-Imperial principles of the Nationalist party."[25]

In spite of this issue, Afrikaners assimilated fairly well into the larger English-speaking white population, and were more often than not seen every bit loyal to the Southern Rhodesian government.[24] [25] Afrikaners preserved their language and culture through their own institutions.[24] [25] Dutch Reformed churches ordinarily conducted Afrikaans services in the morn, followed by services in English and indigenous African languages in the afternoon.[26] An Afrikaans-language schoolhouse, Bothashof, was established in 1911 in Bulawayo. An Afrikaner organisation, the Afrikaans Cultural Union of Rhodesia (AKUR), was established in 1934, and sought to preserve Afrikaner culture in Rhodesia, peculiarly through creating an Afrikaans printing and by promoting the Afrikaans linguistic communication in schools.[25] A printing press was acquired, and AKUR began publishing Afrikaans daily newspapers and magazines, including Zambesi Ringsblad, Kern, Die Rhodesiër, and Dice Volksgenoot.[25]

Tension over language and cultural differences betwixt Afrikaners and the English connected to exist, coming to a head in 1944, when the and then-chosen "Enkeldoorn incident", in which an Afrikaner male child killed an English boy at the Enkeldoorn School, made headlines.[25] A commission investigating the incident found that the incident was motivated by language and cultural tensions, which at the time were inflamed past World State of war Ii, as many English language suspected Afrikaners of having German sympathies.[25] Nevertheless, the Afrikaner population in Rhodesia continued to grow and more Afrikaner organisations were established, including the Afrikaner Youth in 1947) and the Association of Rhodesian Afrikaners (GRA) in 1965.[25] The GRA soon became the preeminent Afrikaner organisation in the land, organising Afrikaner cultural activities and lobbying for greater Afrikaans language rights, particularly in schools.[25]

By the late 1960s, the Afrikaner population in Rhodesia had grown to 25,000.[24] Afterward the mid 1960s, Afrikaners began to enter Rhodesian politics.[25] Notable Afrikaner politicians during this period included several cabinet ministers: Rowan Cronjé, P. K. van der Byl, and Phillip van Heerden. Though the Rhodesian government under premier Ian Smith was on better terms with Afrikaners than previous governments, the issue of education remained.[25] Bothashof, which had relocated to Salisbury in 1946, remained the country'due south simply Afrikaans-medium school.[25] In 1971, the Association of Rhodesian Afrikaners fabricated an urgent telephone call to the government, demanding that they open up more than Afrikaans-language schools, but the regime ignored them.[25] The Afrikaner population in Rhodesia peaked at 35,000 in 1975, and began declining thereafter.[25] As Afrikaners emigrated to South Africa, Afrikaner organisations saw decline; the GRA gradually became less agile.[25] In 1977, the Rhodesian Afrikaner Action Circle (RAAK) was established in Bulawayo, and shortly became the main Afrikaner organisation in the country.[25] Kern and Dice Rhodesiër, the two major Afrikaans newspapers in Rhodesia, were edited by RAAK members.[25]

Afterwards Republic of zimbabwe's independence in 1980, much of the state's Afrikaner population emigrated, most to South Africa.[24] The GRA was disestablished in the early 1980s.[25] A new Afrikaner arrangement, the Afrikaner Community of Zimbabwe, was founded in April 1981 in Harare.[25] Bothashof, the state's Afrikaans-medium school, saw its enrollment driblet from 450 in 1980 to 160 in 1982.[24] [25] The school airtight and reopened the next year every bit a multiracial, English language-linguistic communication schoolhouse with an English headmaster, marking an end to Afrikaans education in Zimbabwe.[24] [25] Past 1984, just 15,000 Afrikaners remained in Zimbabwe, a nearly threescore% refuse from x years before.[24] [25]

Chinese [edit]

Dutch [edit]

A moving ridge of Dutch-speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved to Southern Rhodesia in the 1950s.[27] [28] Many of them remained in Rhodesia afterwards 1965, when the colony unilaterally declared independence nether a white minority government, as well every bit afterward Zimbabwe's independence in 1980.[27] [28] Many of them lost their farms during the country'southward state reform programme in the early on 2000s, with some leaving the country and others remaining.[28]

French [edit]

German [edit]

German is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans. The language starting time arrived in Southern Rhodesia during Earth War Two, when the British set up five camps in the colony to hold thousands of Centrality prisoners of war and internees, mainly Italians and Germans.[29] Two of these camps, which opened in 1939–twoscore outside Salisbury, accommodated roughly 800 German inmates, who were onetime residents of Tanganyika.[29] These prisoners were repatriated afterwards state of war.[29]

By the 1970s, a number of West German missionaries were present in Rhodesia. In 1978, the year ii German missionaries were killed amidst the Rhodesian Bush-league War, it was reported that xxx German Jesuits were active in the country.[30] In the years afterward Zimbabwe'south independence in 1980, a number of German nationals took upward farming in Zimbabwe.[31] They were amidst those whose farms were confiscated during the land reform program in the early 2000s, and left the state.[31]

Greek [edit]

Gujarati [edit]

Gujarati is the traditional language of the majority of Zimbabwe'south Indian population, many of whom are descended from immigrants from Gujarat.[32] [33] The Indian presence in what is at present Republic of zimbabwe dates back to 1890, when Indian plantation workers emigrated from Due south Africa into Southern Rhodesia.[34] Indian immigration was restricted in 1924 when Southern Rhodesia attained self-government, only the Indian community notwithstanding grew. Many Indian Zimbabweans left the state following the country's economic downturn that began effectually 2000.[32] As of October 2016, an estimated ix,000 Zimbabwean citizens were of Indian origin, by and large Gujarati.[34] An additional 500 Indian citizens were residents in Republic of zimbabwe at that fourth dimension.[34]

Hindi [edit]

Hindi is the traditional language of a minority of Republic of zimbabwe's Indian population, nearly of whom are of Gujarati, rather than Hindustani, origin.[32] [33] The Indian presence in what is now Zimbabwe dates back to 1890, when Indian plantation workers emigrated from South Africa into Southern Rhodesia.[34] Indian immigration was restricted in 1924 when Southern Rhodesia attained self-authorities, only the Indian customs still grew. Many Indian Zimbabweans left the country following the country's economic downturn that began around 2000.[32] As of October 2016, an estimated 9,000 Zimbabwean citizens were of Indian origin (it is unclear how many of these, if any, are Hindi speakers.[34] An additional 500 Indian citizens were residents in Zimbabwe at that time.[34]

Italian [edit]

Italian is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans. The language first arrived in Southern Rhodesia during Earth War 2, when the British set up five camps in the colony to hold thousands of Centrality prisoners of war and internees.[29] Iii of these camps, set up in 1941–42 in Gatooma, Umvuma, and Fort Victoria, accommodated roughly 5,000 Italians, mostly from Somaliland and Ethiopia.[29] Afterwards Italy's give up in September 1943, the British began repatriating Italian internees and POWs, sending them to Port Elizabeth, South Africa, where they were taken home past ship.[35] [36] Other Italians were not sent home, but were simply let out of the camps, and some of these chose to remain in Southern Rhodesia.[37] By the early 2000s, there was even so a sizable Italian population in Zimbabwe.[38]

Smooth [edit]

Shine is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans. The language first arrived in Southern Rhodesia during Earth War II, when the colony hosted nearly 7,000 refugees from Poland.[29] Polish refugees were housed at dedicated settlements gear up up at Marandellas and Rusape, two towns about 40 km (25 mi) apart to the s-east of Salisbury, from 1943. The Polish settlements in Southern Rhodesia were run jointly by local government and the Polish consulate in Salisbury; the Smooth government-in-exile in London provided funding. Polish-language schools and churches were congenital for the refugees.[39] Later the Polish authorities-in-exile discontinued its operations and closed its consulate in 1944, the Polish refugees were increasingly viewed as a brunt past the Southern Rhodesian government.[40] A few began being sent abode in May 1944,[xl] and transport dorsum to Europe picked upwards sharply as the state of war came to a close, with less than 2,000 Polish refugees remaining by Oct 1945.[29]

Colonial officials were reluctant to let the remaining Poles stay in Southern Rhodesia indefinitely, asserting that they were not culturally British plenty and might have communist connections or sympathies.[29] Additionally, the Poles were seen every bit lacking the skills and didactics that would permit them to compete against blacks in a free market place.[forty] Despite these concerns, virtually of the Poles who remained showed little inclination to leave.[29] By 1947, when the Rhodesian regime offered repatriation to the remaining 1,282 Poles in the colony, merely 2 women agreed.[40] Despite pressure from the British government and the United Nations Refugee Programme, the Rhodesian government agreed to accept only 726 Poles as permanent residents, the bare minimum to meet the ten% per nationality required by international law.[29] [40]

Portuguese [edit]

Pidgin languages [edit]

Chilapalapa [edit]

Chilapalapa, also known equally Pidgin Bantu,[41] was a pidgin language used as a lingua franca between whites, Asians, and blacks during the colonial period.[42] Similar its S African cousin Fanagalo, it was primarily spoken in the mining sector, on white-endemic farms, and in larger settlements.[41] [42] Co-ordinate to ane source, lx% of Chilapalapa vocabulary is of Ndebele origin, 20% from English, 10% from Shona, 5% from Afrikaans, and v% from Chewa.[ commendation needed ] Other sources describes the language every bit having primarily Shona influence rather than Ndebele.[41] [42] [43]

Fanagalo originated in the 19th century in S Africa, and Chilapalapa, which is closely related, developed as whites began settling in Southern Rhodesia.[42] As the majority of blacks at that fourth dimension lacked education and the ability to speak English, Chilapalapa became a common lingua franca used by whites and Asians to communicate with blacks, and vice versa, unremarkably in the context of piece of work surroundings.[42] Blacks who spoke Chilapalapa generally lacked formal education and ofttimes did not speak English.[42] Additionally, whites often demanded that blacks speak to them in Chilapalapa, not wanting to speak with them in English as it might imply an equal status among the races.[43] Because it was often used demeaningly by whites, blacks often associated Chilapalapa with racism and colonialism.[42] [43] In contrast, whites viewed Chilapalapa more positively, even celebrating it as a unique facet of Rhodesian culture. The Rhodesian folk vocalizer John Edmond recorded "The Chilapalapa Song",[44] and newsreader and comedian Wrex Tarr routinely used Chilapalapa in his performances.[43]

Though Chilapalapa was a widespread 2nd language in Rhodesia, with several hundred thou speakers in 1975,[41] information technology was never commonly spoken outside work environments.[42] It was used in towns, and in the farming and mining sectors, and was especially mutual in the Mashonaland region, but was never taught in schools or used in any official contexts.[ citation needed ] Written Chilapalapa literature was rare.[ commendation needed ] Considering of its lack of utilise in schools and formal contexts and due to its negative clan with colonialism, apply of Chilapalapa virtually disappeared after Zimbabwe's independence later on 1980.[43] Today, Chilapalapa is heard only occasionally existence spoken betwixt older white and blacks.[42]

A 2018 survey of white subcontract owners, Asian store owners, and young blackness teachers born after independence found wide disparities in knowledge of and attitudes toward Chilapalapa.[ citation needed ] Among those surveyed who grew up before independence, all were expert in Chilapalapa. Amongst those born after independence, none could speak Chilapalapa, though well-nigh had heard of information technology. Attitudes towards the language differed, largely across racial lines. Most whites and Asians surveyed saw Chilapalapa as a useful lingua franca, while blacks viewed it as a symbol of racism and colonialism.[ commendation needed ]

Sign languages [edit]

Alongside numerous oral languages, sign languages are also used in Zimbabwe. Sign languages in Southern Rhodesia first developed independently among deaf students in different schools for the deaf beginning in the 1940s. It is unclear how many sign languages at that place are in Zimbabwe, and to what extent each is used, as little research has been done. The Glottolog, a linguistic communication database maintained past the Max Planck Constitute for the Science of Human being History in Frg, lists seven varieties of ethnic Zimbabwean sign language: Manicaland Sign, Mashonaland Sign, Masvingo School Sign, Matabeleland Sign, Midlands Sign, Zimbabwe Community Sign, and Zimbabwe Schoolhouse Sign.[45] American Sign Linguistic communication is also reportedly used, though it is non articulate to what extent.[46] "Sign language", without farther specificity, became one of Zimbabwe'due south official languages in the 2013 Constitution.[47]

See also [edit]

  • Languages of Africa
    • Bantu languages

References [edit]

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  4. ^ a b c d e f one thousand h i j k l m north o p "xvi official languages for Zimbabwe". NewsDay Zimbabwe. 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2018-11-thirteen .
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  41. ^ a b c d "Pidgin Bantu". Ethnologue . Retrieved 2018-11-18 .
  42. ^ a b c d due east f g h i Murray, Paul (2010). Republic of zimbabwe. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 143. ISBN9781841622958.
  43. ^ a b c d e Magirosa, Maidei (2014-11-20). "Chilapalapa the colonial language of the oppressor". The Patriot . Retrieved 2018-11-17 .
  44. ^ "The Chilapalapa Vocal Lyrics John Edmond". MOJIM . Retrieved 2018-xi-17 .
  45. ^ "Republic of zimbabwe Sign Language". Glottolog . Retrieved 2018-11-thirteen .
  46. ^ American Sign Language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
  47. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)

External links [edit]

  • Ethnologue report on languages of Zimbabwe

DOWNLOAD HERE

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